• Letter from the Co-Chairs
• Executive Summary

Christopher A. Kojm, Senior Advisor to the Study Group

John B. Williams, Benjamin J. Rhodes, Special Assistant to the Study Group Special Assistant to the Study Group

United States Institute of Peace Support

Daniel P. Serwer, ISG Executive Director and Political Development Secretariat

Paul Hughes, Military and Security Secretariat

Gary Matthews, Economy and Reconstruction Secretariat

Paul Stares, Strategic Environment Secretariat

Courtney Rusin, Assistant to the Study Group

Anne Hingeley, Congressional Relations

Ian Larsen, Outreach and Communications

Center for the Study of the Presidency Support

Jay M. Parker, Advisor

Ysbrant A. Marcelis, Advisor, Center for Strategic & International Studies Support

Kay King, Advisor

Following his first term in the Senate, Al was elected by his peers to the position of the

Assistant Majority Leader in 1984—and served in that capacity until 1994. He completed his

final term on January 3, 1997.

Simpson is currently a partner in the Cody firm of Simpson, Kepler and Edwards, the

Cody division of the Denver firm of Burg Simpson Eldredge, Hersh and Jardine, and also a

consultant in the Washington, D.C., government relations firm The Tongour, Simpson,

Holsclaw Group. He continues to serve on numerous corporate and nonprofit boards and travels

the country giving speeches. His book published by William Morrow Company, Right in the

Old Gazoo: A Lifetime of Scrapping with the Press (1997), chronicles his personal experiences

and views of the Fourth Estate.

From January of 1997 until June of 2000, Simpson was a Visiting Lecturer and for two

years the Director of the Institute of Politics at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of

Government. During the fall of 2000 he returned to his alma mater, the University of Wyoming,

as a Visiting Lecturer in the Political Science Department and he continues to team teach a class

part-time with his brother, Peter, titled “Wyoming’s Political Identity: Its History and Its

Politics,” which is proving to be one of the most popular classes offered at UW.

A member of a political family—his father served both as Governor of Wyoming from

1954 to 1958 and as United States Senator from Wyoming from 1962 to 1966—Al chose to

follow in his father’s footsteps and began his own political career in 1964 when he was elected

to the Wyoming State Legislature as a state representative of his native Park County. He served

for the next thirteen years in the Wyoming House of Representatives, holding the offices of

Majority Whip, Majority Floor Leader, and Speaker Pro-Tem. His only brother, Peter, also

served as a member of the Wyoming State Legislature.

Prior to entering politics, Simpson was admitted to the Wyoming bar and the United

States District Court in 1958 and served for a short time as a Wyoming assistant attorney

general. Simpson then joined his father, Milward L. Simpson, and later Charles G. Kepler in

the law firm of Simpson, Kepler and Simpson in his hometown of Cody. He would practice law

there for the next eighteen years. During that time, Simpson was very active in all civic,

community, and state activities. He also served ten years as City Attorney.

Simpson earned a B.S. in law from the University of Wyoming in 1954. Upon graduation

from college, he joined the Army, serving overseas in the 5th Infantry Division and in the 2nd

Armored Division in the final months of the Army of Occupation in Germany. Following his

honorable discharge in 1956, Simpson returned to the University of Wyoming to complete his

study of law, earning his J.D. degree in 1958. He and his wife Ann have three children and six

grandchildren, who all reside in Cody, Wyoming.

Law and Public Policy in 2001. Previously he served as Lieutenant Governor of Virginia, from

1978 to 1982; as Virginia’s 64th Governor, from 1982 to 1986; and as a United States Senator,

from 1989 to 2001.

While in the Senate he became the only member ever to serve simultaneously on all three

national security committees (Intelligence, Armed Services, and Foreign Relations). He also

served on the Finance, Commerce, and Budget committees.

Before becoming a member of Congress he chaired the Southern Governors’ Association,

the Democratic Governors’ Association, the Education Commission of the States, the

Democratic Leadership Council, Jobs for America’s Graduates, the National Conference of

Lieutenant Governors, and the Virginia Forum on Education, and was President of the Council

of State Governments.

During the 1960s he served on active duty with the United States Marine Corps, retiring

from the Marine Corps Reserve in 1991. He began as the Class Honor Graduate from Marine

Officers Basic School in 1961 and ended up as head of the principal recruiting program for

Marine officers in 1970. In between, he served in both the 1st and 2nd Marine Divisions and his

assignments included duty as a Military Social Aide at the White House and command of an

infantry company in combat in Vietnam.

He received his law degree from the University of Virginia in 1973, clerked for Judge John

D. Butzner, Jr., on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, and practiced law with

Williams and Connolly prior to his election to state office. Between his state and federal service

he was a partner at Hunton and Williams.

Since leaving the Senate in 2001 he has served as Chairman of the Board of Visitors at the

United States Naval Academy, Co-Chairman (with Senior Judge Laurence Silberman of the U.S.

Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit) of the President’s Commission on Intelligence

Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction, and Co-Chairman

(with former Governor Linwood Holton) of a major landowner’s alliance that created a special

tax district to finance the extension of Metrorail to Tyson’s Corner, Reston, and Dulles Airport.

He has also been a Fellow at the Institute of Politics at Harvard and at the Marshall Wythe

School of Law at William and Mary.

He is currently on the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, the Secretary of

State’s International Security Advisory Board (Chairman of the WMD-Terrorism Task Force),

the FBI Director’s Advisory Board, the National Intelligence Council’s Strategic Analysis

Advisory Board, the Iraq Study Group, and the MITRE Corp. Board of Trustees (Vice

Chairman). He also serves on the boards of the Space Foundation, the Thomas Jefferson

Program in Public Policy, the Concord Coalition, the National Museum of Americans at War,

Strategic Partnerships LLC, and the Center for the Study of the Presidency—and he works on

occasional projects with the Center for Strategic and International Studies. He is married to

Lynda Johnson Robb and they have three grown daughters and one granddaughter.

joint appointment at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and the School of

Engineering. He is a senior fellow at FSI and serves as co-director of the Preventive Defense

Project, a research collaboration of Stanford and Harvard universities.

Perry was the 19th Secretary of Defense of the United States, serving from February 1994

to January 1997. He previously served as Deputy Secretary of Defense (1993–94) and as Under

Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (1977–81). He is on the board of directors of

several emerging high-tech companies and is Chairman of Global Technology Partners.

His previous business experience includes serving as a laboratory director for General

Telephone and Electronics (1954–64) and as founder and president of ESL Inc. (1964–77),

executive vice president of Hambrecht & Quist Inc. (1981–85), and founder and chairman of

Technology Strategies & Alliances (1985–93). He is a member of the National Academy of

Engineering and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

From 1946 to 1947, Perry was an enlisted man in the Army Corps of Engineers, and

served in the Army of Occupation in Japan. He joined the Reserve Officer Training Corps in

1948 and was a second lieutenant in the Army Reserves from 1950 to 1955. He has received a

number of awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom (1997), the Department of

Defense Distinguished Service Medal (1980 and 1981), and Outstanding Civilian Service

Medals from the Army (1962 and 1997), the Air Force (1997), the Navy (1997), the Defense

Intelligence Agency (1977 and 1997), NASA (1981), and the Coast Guard (1997). He received

the American Electronic Association’s Medal of Achievement (1980), the Eisenhower Award

(1996), the Marshall Award (1997), the Forrestal Medal (1994), and the Henry Stimson Medal

(1994). The National Academy of Engineering selected him for the Arthur Bueche Medal in

1996. He has received awards from the enlisted personnel of the Army, Navy, and the Air Force.

He has received decorations from the governments of Albania, Bahrain, France, Germany,

Hungary, Japan, Korea, Poland, Slovenia, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom. He received a

B.S. and M.S. from Stanford University and a Ph.D. from Penn State, all in mathematics.

nonpartisan study center for the advancement of public policy based at California State

University, Monterey Bay. He serves as distinguished scholar to the chancellor of the California

State University system, teaches a Master’s in Public Policy course at the Panetta Institute, is a

presidential professor at Santa Clara University, and created the Leon Panetta Lecture Series.

Panetta first went to Washington in 1966, when he served as a legislative assistant to U.S.

Senator Thomas H. Kuchel of California. In 1969, he became Special Assistant to the Secretary

of Health, Education and Welfare and then Director of the U.S. Office for Civil Rights. His book

Bring Us Together (published in 1971) is an account of that experience. In 1970, he went to

New York City, where he served as Executive Assistant to Mayor John Lindsay. Then, in 1971,

Panetta returned to California, where he practiced law in the Monterey firm of Panetta,

Thompson & Panetta until he was elected to Congress in 1976.

Panetta was a U.S. Representative from California’s 16th (now 17th) district from 1977 to

1993. He authored the Hunger Prevention Act of 1988, the Fair Employment Practices

Resolution, legislation that established Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement for hospice care

for the terminally ill, and other legislation on a variety of education, health, agriculture, and

defense issues.

From 1989 to 1993, Panetta was Chairman of the House Committee on the Budget. He

also served on that committee from 1979 to 1985. He chaired the House Agriculture

Committee’s Subcommittee on Domestic Marketing, Consumer Relations and Nutrition; the

House Administration Committee’s Subcommittee on Personnel and Police; and the Select

Committee on Hunger’s Task Force on Domestic Hunger. He also served as Vice Chairman of

the Caucus of Vietnam Era Veterans in Congress and as a member of the President’s

Commission on Foreign Language and International Studies.

Panetta left Congress in 1993 to become Director of the Office of Management and Budget

for the incoming Clinton administration. Panetta was appointed Chief of Staff to the President of

the United States on July 17, 1994, and served in that position until January 20, 1997.

In addition, Panetta served a six-year term on the Board of Directors of the New York

Stock Exchange beginning in 1997. He currently serves on many public policy and

organizational boards, including as Chair of the Pew Oceans Commission and Co-Chair of the

California Council on Base Support and Retention.

Panetta has received many awards and honors, including the Smithsonian Paul Peck

Award for Service to the Presidency, the John H. Chafee Coastal Stewardship Award, the Julius

A. Stratton Award for Coastal Leadership, and the Distinguished Public Service Medal from the

Center for the Study of the Presidency.

He earned a B.A. magna cum laude from Santa Clara University in 1960, and in 1963

received his J.D. from Santa Clara University Law School, where he was an editor of the Santa

Clara Law Review. He served as a first lieutenant in the Army from 1964 to 1966 and received

the Army Commendation Medal. Panetta is married to the former Sylvia Marie Varni. They

have three grown sons and five grandchildren.

States Supreme Court on July 7, 1981, and took the oath of office on September 25. O’Connor

previously served on the Arizona Court of Appeals (1979–81) and as judge of the Maricopa

County Superior Court in Phoenix, Arizona (1975–79). She was appointed as Arizona state

senator in 1969 and was subsequently elected to two two-year terms from 1969 to 1975. During

her tenure, she was Arizona Senate Majority Leader and Chairman of the State, County, and

Municipal Affairs Committee, and she served on the Legislative Council, on the Probate Code

Commission, and on the Arizona Advisory Council on Intergovernmental Relations.

From 1965 to 1969, O’Connor was assistant attorney general in Arizona. She practiced

law at a private firm in Maryvale, Arizona, from 1958 to 1960 and prior to that was civilian

attorney for Quartermaster Market Center in Frankfurt, Germany (1954–57), and deputy county

attorney in San Mateo County, California (1952–53)

She was previously Chairman of the Arizona Supreme Court Committee to Reorganize

Lower Courts (1974–75), Vice Chairman of the Arizona Select Law Enforcement Review

Commission (1979–80), and, in Maricopa County, Chairman of the Bar Association Lawyer

Referral Service (1960–62), the Juvenile Detention Home Visiting Board (1963–64), and the

Superior Court Judges’ Training and Education Committee (1977–79) and a member of the

Board of Adjustments and Appeals (1963–64).

O’Connor currently serves as Chancellor of the College of William and Mary and on the

Board of Trustees of the Rockefeller Foundation, the Executive Board of the Central European

and Eurasian Law Initiative, the Advisory Board of the Smithsonian National Museum of

Natural History, and the Advisory Committee of the American Society of International Law,

Judicial. She is an honorary member of the Advisory Committee for the Judiciary Leadership

Development Council, an honorary chair of America’s 400th Anniversary: Jamestown 2007, a

co-chair of the National Advisory Council of the Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools, a

member of the Selection Committee of the Oklahoma City National Memorial & Museum, and

a member of the Advisory Board of the Stanford Center on Ethics. She also serves on several

bodies of the American Bar Association, including the Museum of Law Executive Committee,

the Commission on Civic Education and Separation of Powers, and the Advisory Commission

of the Standing Committee on the Law Library of Congress.

O’Connor previously served as a member of the Anglo-American Exchange (1980); the

State Bar of Arizona Committees on Legal Aid, Public Relations, Lower Court Reorganization,

and Continuing Legal Education; the National Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the

Services (1974–76); the Arizona State Personnel Commission (1968–69); the Arizona Criminal

Code Commission (1974–76); and the Cathedral Chapter of the Washington National Cathedral

(1991–99).

O’Connor is a member of the American Bar Association, the State Bar of Arizona, the

State Bar of California, the Maricopa County Bar Association, the Arizona Judges’ Association,

the National Association of Women Judges, and the Arizona Women Lawyers’ Association.

She holds a B.A. (with Great Distinction) and an LL.B. (Order of the Coif) from Stanford

University, where she was also a member of the board of editors of the Stanford Law Review.

Washington, D.C.–based public policy research and education institution. He is also the

Chairman of Heritage’s Center for Legal and Judicial Studies and a distinguished visiting fellow

at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University. In addition, Meese lectures, writes, and consults

throughout the United States on a variety of subjects.

Meese is the author of With Reagan: The Inside Story, which was published by Regnery

Gateway in June 1992; co-editor of Making America Safer, published in 1997 by the Heritage

Foundation; and coauthor of Leadership, Ethics and Policing, published by Prentice Hall in

2004.

Meese served as the 75th Attorney General of the United States from February 1985 to

August 1988. As the nation’s chief law enforcement officer, he directed the Department of Justice

and led international efforts to combat terrorism, drug trafficking, and organized crime. In 1985

he received Government Executive magazine’s annual award for excellence in management.

From January 1981 to February 1985, Meese held the position of Counsellor to the

President, the senior position on the White House staff, where he functioned as the President’s

chief policy advisor. As Attorney General and as Counsellor, Meese was a member of the

President’s cabinet and the National Security Council. He served as Chairman of the Domestic

Policy Council and of the National Drug Policy Board. Meese headed the President-elect’s

transition effort following the November 1980 election. During the presidential campaign, he

served as chief of staff and senior issues advisor for the Reagan-Bush Committee.

Formerly, Meese served as Governor Reagan’s executive assistant and chief of staff in

California from 1969 through 1974 and as legal affairs secretary from 1967 through 1968. Before

joining Governor Reagan’s staff in 1967, Meese served as deputy district attorney in Alameda

County, California. From 1977 to 1981, Meese was a professor of law at the University of San

Diego, where he also was Director of the Center for Criminal Justice Policy and Management.

In addition to his background as a lawyer, educator, and public official, Meese has been a

business executive in the aerospace and transportation industry, serving as vice president for

administration of Rohr Industries, Inc., in Chula Vista, California. He left Rohr to return to the

practice of law, engaging in corporate and general legal work in San Diego County.

Meese is a graduate of Yale University, Class of 1953, and holds a law degree from the

University of California at Berkeley. He is a retired colonel in the United States Army Reserve.

He is active in numerous civic and educational organizations. Meese is married, has two grown

children, and resides in McLean, Virginia.

He works with a diverse group of clients across a broad range of industries.

Prior to joining Lazard, Mr. Jordan was a Senior Executive Partner with the law firm of

Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld, LLP, where he remains Senior Counsel. While there Mr.

Jordan practiced general, corporate, legislative, and international law in Washington, D.C.

Before Akin Gump, Mr. Jordan held the following positions: President and Chief

Executive Officer of the National Urban League, Inc.; Executive Director of the United Negro

College Fund, Inc.; Director of the Voter Education Project of the Southern Regional Council;

Attorney-Consultant, U.S. Office of Economic Opportunity; Assistant to the Executive Director

of the Southern Regional Council; Georgia Field Director of the National Association for the

Advancement of Colored People; and an attorney in private practice in Arkansas and Georgia.

Mr. Jordan’s presidential appointments include the President’s Advisory Committee for

the Points of Light Initiative Foundation, the Secretary of State’s Advisory Committee on

South Africa, the Advisory Council on Social Security, the Presidential Clemency Board, the

American Revolution Bicentennial Commission, the National Advisory Committee on

Selective Service, and the Council of the White House Conference “To Fulfill These Rights.”

In 1992, Mr. Jordan served as the Chairman of the Clinton Presidential Transition Team.

Mr. Jordan’s corporate and other directorships include American Express Company;

Asbury Automotive Group, Inc.; Howard University (Trustee); J. C. Penney Company, Inc.;

Lazard Ltd.; Xerox Corporation; and the International Advisory Board of Barrick Gold.

Mr. Jordan is a graduate of DePauw University and the Howard University Law School.

He holds honorary degrees from more than 60 colleges and universities in America. He is a

member of the bars of Arkansas, the District of Columbia, Georgia, and the U.S. Supreme

Court. He is a member of the American Bar Association, the National Bar Association, the

Council on Foreign Relations, and the Bilderberg Meetings and he is President of the Economic

Club of Washington, D.C. Mr. Jordan is the author of Vernon Can Read! A Memoir (Public

Affairs, 2001).

H. W. Bush on December 8, 1992, and as Deputy Secretary of State on March 20, 1989.

After his entry into the Foreign Service in 1957, Mr. Eagleburger served in the U.S.

Embassy in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, in the State Department Bureau of Intelligence and

Research, in the U.S. Embassy in Belgrade, and the U.S. Mission to NATO in Belgium. In

1963, after a severe earthquake in Macedonia, he led the U.S. government effort to provide

medical and other assistance. He was then assigned to Washington, D.C., where he served on

the Secretariat staff and as special assistant to Dean Acheson, advisor to the President on Franco-

NATO issues. In August 1966, he became acting director of the Secretariat staff.

In October 1966, Mr. Eagleburger joined the National Security Council staff. In October

1967, he was assigned as special assistant to Under Secretary of State Nicholas Katzenbach. In

November 1968, he was appointed Dr. Henry Kissinger’s assistant, and in January 1969, he

became executive assistant to Dr. Kissinger at the White House. In September 1969, he was

assigned as political advisor and chief of the political section of the U.S. Mission to NATO in

Brussels.

Mr. Eagleburger became Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense in August 1971. Two years

later, he became Acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. The

same year he returned to the White House as Deputy Assistant to the President for National

Security Operations. He subsequently followed Dr. Kissinger to the State Department, becoming

Executive Assistant to the Secretary of State. In 1975, he was made Deputy Under Secretary of

State for Management.

In June 1977, Mr. Eagleburger was appointed Ambassador to Yugoslavia, and in 1981 he

was nominated as Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs. In February 1982, he was

appointed Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.

Mr. Eagleburger has received numerous awards, including an honorary knighthood from

Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II (1994); the Distinguished Service Award (1992), the Wilbur J.

Carr Award (1984), and the Distinguished Honor Award (1984) from the Department of State;

the Distinguished Civilian Service Medal from the Department of Defense (1978); and the

President’s Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service (1976).

After retiring from the Department of State in May 1984, Mr. Eagleburger was named

president of Kissinger Associates, Inc. Following his resignation as Secretary of State on

January 19, 1993, he joined the law firm of Baker, Donelson, Bearman and Caldwell as Senior

Foreign Policy Advisor. He joined the boards of Halliburton Company, Phillips Petroleum

Company, and Universal Corporation. Mr. Eagleburger currently serves as Chairman of the

International Commission on Holocaust Era Insurance Claims.

He received his B.S. degree in 1952 and his M.S. degree in 1957, both from the

University of Wisconsin, and served as first lieutenant in the U.S. Army from 1952 to 1954.

Mr. Eagleburger is married to the former Marlene Ann Heinemann. He is the father of three sons,

Lawrence Scott, Lawrence Andrew, and Lawrence Jason.